Computerized Data Acquisition of a Second Order Reaction Essay

The rates at which reactions occur depend on the composition and the temperature of the reaction mixture. Usually the rate of reaction is found to be proportional to the concentrations of the reactants raised to a power.1 There are many reactions that have a rate law in the form of: (1) v = k[A]a[B]b According to reference1 the power to which the concentration of a species (product or reactant) is raised in a rate law of this nature is the order of the reaction with respect to that species. In equation (1) first order with respect to [A] and first order with respect to [B]; however, the overall reaction is the sum of the individual orders. Thus we have a second order reaction. In this experiment a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion ([Fe(CN)6]3-) oxidizes ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) by the following reaction: (2) 2[Fe(CN)6]3- + C6H8O6 = 2[Fe(CN)6]4- + C6H6O6 + 2H+ The reaction above is of a first order reaction at room temperature with respect to individual reactants; therefore the reaction stoichiometry and rate law at time t are: (3) aA + bBproducts and (4) -d[A] = k[A] [B] where [A] represents the concentration of ascorbic acid and [B] represents the concentrations of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t. For this experiment we will use an integrated rate law in the form of: (5) ln [A] = b [A]0 – a [B]0 kt + ln [A]0 where [A]0 and [B]0 are the initial concentrations of C6H8O6 and [Fe(CN)6]3- and a=1 and b=2. From equation (5), it is possible to calculate the second-order rate constant k by plotting ln [A]/[B] against time (find slope of line where b=2 and a=1). EDTA in this experiment is used as a masking agent to hide metal ions that would normally interfere with the analysis in this reaction. Thus the absorbance of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t is given by: (6) Absorbance = 1012 [Fe(CN)6]3- The oxidation of C6H8O6 by [Fe(CN)6]3- involves a mechanism that consists of 3 steps.2 In the first step, the ascorbate ion (AH-) is rapidly formed by ionization of the ascorbic acid. (7) AH2 AH – + H+ Following the ionization is the slow rate-determining step, the oxidation of the ascorbate ion to an ascorbate free radical (AH∙): (8) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH-[Fe(CN)6]4- + AH∙ During the final step, an electron is rapidly transferred from the ascorbate free radical to the hexacyanoferrate(III) anion, producing dehydroascorbic acid (A): (9) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH- [Fe(CN)6]4- + A + H+ The slow rate-determining step is an ionic reaction between [Fe(CN)6]3- and AH-. According to reference3, the specific rate constant of an ionic reaction in aqueous solution depends on two factors: the ionic strength I of the solution and on the charges ZA and ZB of the ionic species reacting to for the activated complex. (10) log k = log k0 + 1.02ZAZB I1/2 Experimental All reagents in this experiment were of reagent grade. Mass measurements were taken on a Shimadzu Libror AEG-120 analytical scale with an uncertainty of  ±0.0001. Manual data acquisition was taken with a Barnstead/Turner SP-830 spectrophotometer and a stopwatch. The computerized data acquisition was completed by a Cary 50 Bio. The experiment began by preparing four solutions of 1 x 10-3 M of K3Fe(CN)6 with varied concentrations of NaNO3: 0.025 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M. This was completed by dissolving 0.0329245 ( ±0.001) g of K3Fe(CN)6 with the specified concentrations of NaNO3 and deionized water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. A 25 mL aliquot of each solution was transferred into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature of the aliquot was recorded. Next, a 500 mL 2.5 x 10-4 M solution of ascorbic acid was prepared by using a standardized 0.01 M HNO3 solution dissolved in 0.005 g of EDTA and deionized water. A 25 mL aliquot was transferred into each of the four 100 mL beakers by using a 25 mL pipet. The spectrophotometer was set to 418 nm and the absorbance reading was zeroed by using deionized water as a standard. The ascorbic acid in the beaker was poured into the K3Fe(CN)6 solution and the timer was immediately started. The Erlenmeyer flask was swirled for 2-3 seconds before pouring the reacting mixture into a 1-cm cuvette. The cuvette was conditioned with the reacting solution 4 times before being placed into the sample holder of the spectrophotometer. An absorbance reading was taken at 30 seconds and every 30 seconds thereafter for a total of 6 minutes. The same process was implemented with the Cary 50 Bio except that each sample was analyzed by the computer for 7 minutes and 53 seconds. Data/Results

Promoting effective communication Essay

There are a number of factors to consider when promoting effective communication. When using verbal communication with patients it is important to speak looking at them, speaking slowly and clearly and using simple language,. It is important to note that when working with patients with learning disabilities we have made sure they have understood what I have said. When speaking with colleagues or professionals the language I use can be more complex and often I will speak faster however most factors remain the same, it is still important that information given verbally is clear and concise. An example of this is when this is when I have mentored new staff I make sure I talk over everything slowly and clearly and I also get then to repeat some of that information back to show they have understood. Verbally communicating in this way will differ dependant on weather I am talking on a one to one basis or to a group. If I am talking to a group I must remember to address everyone and not exclude anyone. When using non-verbal communication there are many different factors to consider. For example, if I am slummed back in a chair, it may show that I am not interested in the conversation. Eye contact is also very important as this can show that I am engaged in the conversation, other things to consider would be hand gestures, body language and facial expressions, for example, if I frown or have my arms folded I may give a negative impression. Finally it is important to remember that for effective communication to take place it involves both parties to be engaged. Being able to listen well is vital in a two way conversations.

Quotes

Gambling was so crucial to the economy of certain household that semi- espectable women slept with Jockeys to get closer to † the horse's mouth. (page 50) – 11. â€Å"Most OndaatJes liked liquor, sometimes to excess. Most of them were hot tempered- though they blamed diabetes for this when ever possible. † (page 57) – This song can represent Michael's mom Doris Gratian and his dad Mermlyn's relationship, how in the beginning of their love it was very strong but when merlvyen started drinking their love was cold and crushed and how they ended up separating. This represents how during 1935 women wanted to get married and would fight to get the best men, and would do anything to get him.This quote means that since the horses were used for military purposes. But the races conflicted with it because every one wanted to own a horse and affected the economy. Horses were used tor gambling and they were being mistreated everyone would want too see the recesses and d id not change the date of the races s for anything because it was so important for everyone. After they had put in all their money and realized hey had lost they would start leavening like ants so they wouldn't be seen as losers.This quote explains how valuable the horses were and how people put all their money into the horses. They would even sleep next to them to protect the horses. People would put in money so they can own at least a leg. The Ondaatje family would drink and blame it on diabetes to make an excuse. And to make it seem like it was Just in their blood. 12. â€Å"God loves a drunk. † (page 59)- â€Å"Reading torn 100-year-old newspaper clippings that come apart in your hands like et sand, information tough as plastic dolls. (page 69) â€Å"There is a myth that if a child is given thalagoya tongue to eat he will become brillianty articulate,†¦ † (page 73) â€Å"The Sinhalese are beyond a doubt one of the least musical people in the world. It would be quite impossible to have less sense of pitch, line, or rhythm. † ( page 76) â€Å"Ceylon is an experience-but heavens, not a permanence. † (page 78) â€Å"All Jungles are evil. † (page 78) â€Å"Sweat runs with its own tangible life down a body as if a giant egg has been broken nto our shoulders. (page 79) â€Å"Heat disgraces foreigners. † (page 80) â€Å"A perfumed sea.

Soc 3-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Soc 3-4 - Essay Example There are several agents both formal and informal that assist in the process of socialization. Agents of socialization are the persons, groups or institutions that teach what is necessary to live in the society. While the school and the mass media represent the formal or sometimes known as secondary agents, the primary or the informal agents are the family and the peers. Each agent influences an individual in a different way in the process of development. Family is the most important agent of socialization and the most important source of emotional support. The entire environment which comprises of both parents and siblings make up a family. Earlier even the grandparents formed a part of the family and the children learned a lot from the wisdom of the grandparents. Today the families have split up. There are either nuclear families or with single parents and the child imbibes what he experiences. His attitudes and behaviors depend on the environment in which he grows up. The family is where individuals acquire the specific position in the society. The next important agent of socialization is the peer group which is a group of people linked by common interests, equal social position and similar age. They contribute to the sense of belonging and feelings of self-worth. The peer group teaches to live in a group and to earn the acceptance of the peers is important. A peer group has its own norms, attitudes and beliefs which have to be met. The school and the mass media are the secondary agents but equally important in the socialization process. Schools teach specific knowledge and skills and have a profound effect on the child’s self image, beliefs and values. Schools teach individuals to be productive members of the society and to contribute to the society. They teach self control and guide them in the process of selection, training and placement on different rungs in the society.

Education and social class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education and social class - Essay Example Therefore, the people from the upper social class have a higher probability of securing high-paying job opportunities than their low-class counterparts. People from the high social class have the means to attend prestigious schools (Archer, Hutchings and Ross, 2003). People from the low-class cannot attend these elite schools because they charge a fortune.   For instance, an average college may charge US $25,000 per academic year while a prestigious college, such as Dartmouth College or Yale University, may charge nearly four times the amount. Given that the average American earns US $ 40,000 it becomes hard for most of the people to afford it (Fields and Morgan-Klein, 2013). High social class people also have the privilege of knowing where opportunities exist (Joyner, 2012). They have the relevant information to take advantage of the opportunities. For instance, high-class people may understand the procedure of applying for the prestigious schools which students from the low-class may not. As a result, they have a higher chance of being accepted in these prestigious schools and receive high quality education.According to Joyner (2012), education has always been perceived as the stepping stone towards crossing the social class boundaries. Most of the governments in the world have put systems in place and complementing policies to see to it that all the people, regardless of their social class, attain at least the basic education. The presumption is that education is the agent of change that enables the bridging of the gap.

Discussion Board 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 1 - Essay Example Worth noting, unethical behavior is different from unlawful in the sense the former entails that which is not acceptable as per the stipulated rules by a firm. Conversely, unlawful behavior has to do with what is legally forbidden. For instance, an employee who physically attacks another at the workplace is engaging in an unlawful act; starting romantic relationships in the office is unethical. Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) has elicited mixed views since Milton Friedman asserted the essence of every business. Milton’s statement that the primary objective of every business is to make profit is often viewed negatively with some contesting these assertions. To some, businesses have a responsibility to the society around it. However, the position taken here is that the statement by Milton is correct and is strongly agreed with. First, hardly any business is conducted without employees meaning that the society already benefits through employment. In addition, many companies require materials, many of which are sourced near their stations (Lee & Kotler, 2013). This greatly influences the communities around because the business offers a market place for different materials. There is more than a business does to the society than monetary assistance including invention. For instance, Microsoft has caused a global impact simply by inventing interesting computer-related products. As a result, people from around the world have used some of these products to change their lives positively. In this case, the society has not directly benefited in monetary from Microsoft, but their lives are transformed tremendously. Hence, CSR is not compulsory for businesses since it is not the primary objective. Besides, by undertaking different projects, businesses affect the society in various

Explain why you need a business plan,including some of the important Essay

Explain why you need a business plan,including some of the important factors of a business plan. prepare an outline of the elements entrepreneurs include in their business plan - Essay Example curity offered and credit rating which are not directly connected to the ‘statistics’ of the plan, but have overall impact on the proposal are also highlighted. It can be concluded that the business plan properly developed with attention to details is appreciated by the banks and investors.   This document also acts as a reference guide not only for the banks and investors, but also to the entrepreneurs to compare the actual performance to the ‘standards’ as specified in the business plan.   The achievement of the goal enhances the credibility of the business and the promoters and their trustworthiness.   The business plan carefully prepared seeks to give comfort to the lenders with regard to repayment of loan and implied assurance to them that the servicing of the debt could be comfortably undertaken without undue pressure in the operations and schedule of repayment as agreed would be adhered to.  Ã‚   All other factors should be in a position to enhance this comfort level of the banks. Another important aspect the banker would like to look into is the background of the entrepreneur in terms of his qualifications, experience, skill and capability and reputation of the entrepreneurs, status of the earlier projects if any, the honesty and integrity of the entrepreneur, etc.   These factors can also play in favor of the companies in respect of the rates of interest, and the banker could offer a very competitive rate. If the bankers are satisfied on both these counts, then it is only the question of formalities.   However, the other factors assume greater significance in the case of new entrepreneurs.   The new entrepreneurs should be able to sell their concept effectively by concentrating all the aspects of the business plan to improve the confidence level of the bankers.   Because, the other factors put together should compensate the lack of experience and reputation for the bankers to act upon the proposal favorably.   Under the circumstances prevailing